The British GHQ Auxiliary Units of WW2

GHQ AUXILIARY UNITS

Auxiliary Units sniper with Winchaest 74

For details on the individual patrols of the Auxiliary Units and a collection of personal reminisacences of local volunteers, see the CART website. The present study is more focused on an analysis of the organisation as a whole. Over the past 70 years a wide range of myths have grown up around the Auxiliary Units and these have become fossilised in the historical record. Such myths have taken on an emotional attachment, difficult to cast aside and are casually repeated both in print and over the internet, where accounts are often 'cut and pasted' from one account to the next and old, undated, texts are assumed to be up to date. The development of the Auxiliary Units mythology is now a topic in its own right and an early paper on the subject can be found HERE.

Despite the long-accumulated evidence to the contrary, the Auxiliary Units are still popularly labelled as the 'British Resistance Organisation' or a 'last ditch' movement. Never described as such at the time, it has become a convenient advertising and marketing label at the expense of historical accuracy. This is a fundamentally flawed concept – which is not to downplay in any way the contribution to defending the country that its volunteers were prepared to make as guerrillas to support the regular army. One problem is that there are four stories to be told of the Auxiliary Units history -

1) the official view of their role;

2) what the Intelligence Officers told their men;

3) how what they were told was was interpreted by the volunteers;

4) The development of a post-war mythology.

Before the release of primary documents from The National Archives, early researchers relied on the decades-old memories of local volunteers, who may have been given a distorted impression by their Intelligence Officers and who were then influenced by the post-war rash of books and stories highlighting the work of the continental resistance organisations. They also did not appreciate just how far knowledge of their secret existence had been spread. Some veterans may also have still been smarting over suspicion from wartime neighbours that they had not been 'doing their bit' and the continuing lack of official recognition. This led to a degree of exaggeration in their stories (particularly over the role, equipment and the level of secrecy of the organisation). The risks of over-reliance on the memories of veterans was expressed as early as 1957.

Fundamentally, a distinction must be made between organisations designed to operate in a military capacity during an active anti-invasion campaign and those who would mount resistance after occupation. This distinction was first explained in Fighting Nazi Occupation (2015), where the history of the War Office Auxiliary Units and the actual British Resistance of SIS was presented in detail and the process of unravelling the mythology of the Auxiliary Units began. Fighting Nazi Occupation has now been updated as Britain's Guerrilla Army (2024).

Justifiable pride in what the volunteers were prepared to do in the case of invasion has led to over-ready acceptance of some claims made for the organisation at a time when little was known of its history. This has continued in an uncritical repetition of 'received wisdom' rather than critical analysis.

The Auxiliary Units were falsely claimed to report directly to Winston Churchill (a post-war media marketing myth as actually they were structured under GHQ and C-in-C Home Forces, although in 1940 Churchill asked to receive progress reports. They were also maintained to have received a wealth of arms ahead of any other body in the country. In fact, in 1940 the War Offcie were reluctant to supply them with personal weapons, presumably on the grounds that they were essentially considered suicide bombers who were not expected to survive for long. The weapons issue is considered in a series of pages under Auxiliary Unit weapons. The weapons mythology may have been encouraged by Intelligence Officers who, from 1942, were trying to maintain morale at a time when the value of the Auxiliary Units was being questioned in the War Office and the men may have been feeling increasingly uncomfortable when considering the increasing workload of the general service Home Guard. They were not, for example, the first British units to receive the Thompson sub-machine gun (some had been issued to the BEF in January 1940). Published souces disproved this myth as early as the 1980s but was still being repeated in 2022. They did not receive the first of the explosive Time Pencils. Neither were they issued, as one Intelligence Officer claimed, with special high-powered .22 sniper rifles - with the .22 rifles that they were issued (the first only with from April 1942 and some not until October) being of doubtful military value. Many of such myths were first popularised in David Lampe's The Last Ditch (1968). As this book had a number of senior Auxiliary Units officers, including a disgruntled Colin Gubbins, as sources this begs the question of how and why such claims arose!

After the war, both volunteers and some of the Intelligence Officers played up to the contemporary fascination of the popular press with the French resistance (whose story was being carefully re-worked by the French government), in a nationalist attempt to provide a British equivalent. Sometimes the Auxiliary Units are even claimed to be the first 'resistance' movement that was created before a Nazi invasion of that country. This blinkered perspective ignores the much earlier plans for Czech and Polish resistance, which provided inspirations for Section D of SIS and MI(R) as well as the operations of SIS in Belgium and Norway. D for Destruction: forerunner of SOE and Auxiliary Units (2017 and updated in 2023), showed how the 'blueprint' for the multi-layered British resistance and guerrilla system relied heavily on precedents set in Poland and Czechoslovakia, as well as planning for the occupation of, among other countries, Norway and Greece. In 1998, at the start of the modern phase of Auxiliary Units research, former Intelligence Officer Stuart Edmundson gave a warning to future historians how 'many glamourised stories have come out on the media, told by the warriors themselves. Membership of Auxiliary Units was the big event of their young lives'. This warning was largely ignored! By 2013, the original second-in-command, Peter Wilkinson, was ‘obviously irritated by the myth of a secret society of ninja-like assassins that was becoming an accepted part of Aux Unit folklore.'

The essence of the role of the Auxiliary Units in 1940-41 was to provide covert support to the regular forces - interrupting the flow of supplies to the enemy and disrupting lines of communication. They were not expected to survive more than a few weeks and so were not considered worthy of large-scale investment. They were, however, supplied with large amounts of explosives to enable to carry out their task - including large quantities of Time Pencils, which had begun to be distributed across Europe by Section D in September 1939.

To create the image of civilian resistance fighters on the European model, after the war one Auxiliary Units Intelligence Officer exaggerated in maintaining he had never trained his men in uniform (choosing not to regard the standard Home Guard denim overalls as ‘uniform’). The romantic notion that the Auxiliary Units were 'civilians', in contravention of government policy, and were completely unknown to the local community has been accepted almost without question. It ignores the well-documented motivation of the government and War Office in creating the Auxiliary Units that the civilian Home Defence Scheme of SIS Section D should be replaced with a legal military alternative. Similarly, in an interview with the BBC, Major Peter Forbes, Auxiliary Units Intelligence Officer in the Border region, tried to create an atmosphere of specific jeopardy for a post-war audience. Having explained the role of the Auxiliary Units in mounting night-time raids, he maintained '[What] we didn't realise at that time early in the war, was that the Germans would have taken hostages in the villages and shot people and how members of the patrols would have dealt with that, I don't know, if their wives and children were being rounded up and shot. We didn't seem to think about it at the time’ (Parham Airfield Museum Newsletter, Winter 2021, p.15). This was not a threat that would be directed specifically at the Auxiliary Units and indeed a core part of their rationale was that they were legally-constituted combatants. But every member of the Home Guard would have been well aware of the Nazi threat to regard them as members of a terrorist organisation - something they appear to have casually ignored. In the chaos of a fast moving blitzkrieg campaign, the men of the Auxiliary Units operational patrols were likely to have been dead or captured before the Nazis were able to organise any campaign of reprisal against identified family members. The intelligence network of the Special Duties Branch would also have collapsed within days, although the quickly redundant hidden wireless stations of 1941 and later, often built on identifiable family property, would have remained an enduring risk. At most risk were probably the families of the other Home Guard teams responsible for hiding key parts of industrial machinery from the enemy. The real risk of mass reprisals may have come later from the activities of the men and women of the SIS resistance organisation, who were ordered to remain ‘quiescent’ during the actual invasion in order to protect their organisation for longer-term intelligence-based and sabotage operations. Nonetheless, it is important to realise that the possibility of reprisals during the invasion campaign was something that Churchill had not only accepted but saw as having positive benefits in strenghtening the resolve of the British people.

It was not the role of the War Office to create resistance organisations and the founders of the Auxiliary Units, Colin Gubbins and Peter Wilkinson (see HERE), were both clear that the organisation was intended as a short-term expedient to hinder the movement of the invasion army away from the coast (it was not a national organisation) as part of a wider strategy to buy time for the field army to concentrate and launch its counter-attack. The operational patrols of the Auxiliary Units were a military expedient to operate as uniformed commandos within what was anticipated to be a month-long campaign, rather than an attempt to create an organised resistance organisation to operate under enemy occupation. Gubbins concluded that the Auxiliary Units were 'designed, trained and prepared for a particular and imminent crisis: that was their specialist role.’ He added, ‘We were expendable. We were a bonus, that’s all.’ Peter Fleming of XII Corps Observation Unit concluded that their life expectancy would be around 48 hours.

After the initial fear of invasion in 1940 dissipated and British resources in conventional warfare began to improve, there were soon suggestions of of disbanding the Auxiliary Units and the Operational Patrols survived largely through bureaucratic inertia - as the War Office did not know what to do with the volunteers, who had been promised that they would not be returned to normal Home Guard duties. As their anti-invasion role dissipated, morale was slipping and the Training Officer complained that the men now knew less about explosives than they had in 1940! The interest of the men was maintained by delivery of an increasing range of weaponry, which reassured them of their status. Thus the main order for the famous .22 sniper rifles with silencers and telescopic sights - in themselves of limited usefulness as a sniper rifle - were only issued from April 1942. At the time, the war was still not going well for the allies but the main threat of invasion had passed and US forces were now pouring into the country to already prepare for the invasion of Europe. Similarly it was only in 1942 the the decision was made to build underground hides for the Special Duties Branch IN Stations.

Replica of an IN Station TRD wireless set as used by the Special Duties branch (built by author)

Replica of Auxiliary Units TRD wireless set

The Special Duties Branch (SDB), although formally part of the Auxiliary Units structure was in practice a completely separate organisation. It derived from the intelligence network of Section D's Home Defence Scheme which Gubbins was obliged to take over without any real idea of how to use it and he reluctantly continued to rely on SIS expertise. Whilst SIS had its own intelligence network, linked by wireless (Section VII), it maintained a strong interest in the development of the SDB (not least to ensure its own organisation was not compromised) and the Auxiliary Units HQ had little part in how any gathered intelligence was utilised. The Home Defence Scheme intelligence network had been set up on traditional SIS methodology designed to operate in the settled conditions of enemy occupation or in a neutral country but what the War Office initially wanted of the Auxiliary Units SDB was a means of providing immediate battlefield intelligence In 1940 the c.1,000 civilian agents of the SDB, despite the romance of their 'dead letter drops' and messages concealed in tennis balls or hollowed-out keys etc, could have only provided a limited service in passing back intelligence on a fast-moving German invasion. It relied on 'runners' passing through enemy lines and although this was standard methodology for intelligence-gathering in settled conditions, it was a process likely to be easily overtaken by a fast-moving 'blitzkrieg' in which armoured columns would quickly advance and then turn in a hook to cut off defending forces, who would consequently have to be always ready for a swift withdrawal. In such circumstances, even if a 'runner' could beat the speed of the enemy advance - how would they know where to deliver their message? Any message that was delivered was likely to be too out-of-date to be of use. For the future, Gubbins pinned his hopes on being able to create army Scout patrols that had standard wireless sets if not the SIS long-range sets as supplied to the XII Corps Observation Unit and Section VII. Meanwhile, the army would have relied on the forward wireless cars (and even pigeons) of the 'Phantom' units of GHQ Liaison Regiment, who shadowed the enemy and whose operators were skilled German-speaking specialists able to listen in to enemy wireless traffic.

The introduction of an SDB wireless network in 1941, modelled on the clusters of Royal Observer Corps posts reporting to a group HQ by landline telephone, but based on the experimental VHF TRD set, was an attempt to overcome the difficulty of passing back intelligence on an advancing army, but the technology was flawed. It relied on very directional aerials and the continued support of the Royal Signals to connect to surface IN Stations attached to army HQs - that were likely to move out of signal range in the face of an enemy advance. There was no means of continuing this system after the army had retreated or, worse, had been defeated. The TRD has acquired the legend of being super-secure but its signals (although not the messages) were detectable to the enemy as long as they were monitoring the VHF band. It was only in 1942 that the IN Stations were provided with more secure underground hides but by this time the threat of invasion had largely passed. By now the real purpose of the SDB was to assist Military Intelligence and MI5 in monitoring loose talk in the local population and particularly among troops relaxing in local pubs or with local girls. This explains why, as the threat of invasion decreased, the number of agents increased to over 3,000 in 1944. It is a moot point as to whether the wireless network was then retained largely out of an inertia similar to that with the operational patrols, with the agents (a large number of whom had been recruited from the SIS Home Defence Scheme) leaving their messages in 'dead letter drops', for collection by Field Security or MI5 officers (Auxiliary Units HQ had little part in this process). The wireless network only found its purpose as part of the general wireless traffic deception prior to D Day, when all wireless traffic in Britain carried out coordinated periods of intense activity (including broadcasting nonsense messages) and radio silence, to confuse the Germans when the real invasion occurred. The picture is complicated by the possibility that some cells, initially identified as being part of the SDB, but using a technology beyond the latter's capability, might actually have been part of Section VII.

Much of the modern romance surrounding the Auxiliary Units focus on their use of secret underground 'hides' or 'operational bases' or the intrigue of dead letter drops hidden in gate hinges etc. These provide an element of fascinating mystery that have distorted an objective analysis of the role and significance of the Auxiliary Units. Yet, despite their carefully- constructed secret trap doors and escape tunnels, post-war exercises in Germany in 1973 (involving 23 SAS) suggested that their hides could have been be located in less than an hour by sniffer dogs (see HERE).

The Auxiliary Units were not the 'last ditch' of Britain's defence by the simple fact that they were intended to support a still active British field army - buying valuable time for the latter to regroup and, in General Thorne's view at least, to cover the flanks of a British counter-attack. Their potential as a resistance organisation was discussed - and dismissed - at the time as not being the task of the War Office. Instead, the most significant contribution of the Auxiliary Units may well have been the internal security role provided by the later period SDB. The actual British Resistance, organised by the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS aka MI6) was organised on a very different basis but remained largely unknown until 2015 (see HERE).

ON THIS WEB SITE

WEAPONRY

The changing weaponry of the Auxiliary Units. See also legends of the Thompson sub-machine gun and Winchester 74.

DEADLY ASSASSINS

Analysis of the legend of the Auxiliary Units as deadly assassins

SPECIAL DUTIES BRANCH

The role of the intelligence wing - the Special Duties Branch

CLANDESTINE WIRELESS

Wireless sets used by Auxiliary Units. and related clandestine wireless sets.

AN OPEN SECRET

How secret were the Auxiliary Units.

KEY QUOTES

Quotes from organisers that explains the purpose of the organisation.

BADGES

The badges of the Auxiliary Units

The CART website is an invaluable resource for researching individual patrols of the Auxiliary Units and Special Duties Branch - but it still clings to the 'Resistance' headline.